20 Marker Theorists

Active/ passive audience

hypodermic needle theory: theory that audiences are essentially passive, absorbing the message thats being relayed by a media product. Passive audience only. Imitating what they watch links to the scream killing- mutilated girl who rejected him wearing scream mask. Another example Colorado shooting- dressed up as the joker and shot 12, killing them- claiming to be inspired by heath ledger the joker.

cohen -moral panic: Encompasses the idea of folk devils in society. Moral panics happen when people become a threat to society- a group of people. Theory based on the mods and rockers in the 60's. 1972 Theory created. Mary Whitehouse creates a campaign against screen violence, she gains wide support. BBFC starts to ban or censor them outright, certification becomes stricter. Trends that link to violence- blue whale challenge. Hoodies, political..

Also: 

1. Video Games

• Violent Video Games (1990s–2000s):
  • Examples: Doom, Grand Theft Auto, Mortal Kombat.
  • Panic: Critics and the media claimed that violent video games desensitized players to violence and contributed to real-world aggression, particularly after school shootings like Columbine (1999), where perpetrators were rumored to play violent games.
  • Result: Increased scrutiny, congressional hearings, and the establishment of the ESRB (Entertainment Software Rating Board).
  • Scholarly Perspective: Most research has shown no causal link between violent video games and real-world violence.

desensitisation

mulvey -male gaze: heterosexual male- the way the camera moves- sexualisation.

anderson media violence on youth: other factors can affect aggression etc e.g- parenting, influence, mental health. No one is immune to the effects of media violence. If you know how to behave in society, there is less chance you will be a rebel etc...Scream killings

gauntlett media effects outdated - counter argument- they ARE active audiences at the age of 7

blumbler and katz uses and grats - counter argument

David Gauntlett: challanges the media effects model and it's respective theories/ He states that there are '10 things wrong with the media 'effects' model'.

He says that it treats children as inadequate- the study showed that children as young as 7 can talk intelligently about the positives and negatives of media. Children can be passive and active audience members.

Media effects model:

All theories- tackling social problems backwards. Mistake of looking at individuals rather than society as a whole. Just because some are violent, doesn't mean that they are all violent. He also says that it is wrong to believe that uneducated, lower class individuals are more heavily affected by media content. Acts of violence that appear on the daily news are seen as somehow exempt- media films etc are fictitious, bringing in elements of a true story rather than being actually real causing the portrayal to warp our view. 

counter argument: blumler and katz- PIES- important, helps with hand eye co-ordination. There are positive ways to consume media.